一、开往身心障碍者湾岸的慢船——从本位观点到他者的关怀

　　张荣兴

　　摘要：直到今天，社会上仍然普遍存在对身心障碍者的偏见与误解，这些偏见与误解根植于我们的脑海而我们可能浑然不知。之所以如此，一个关键原因是来自身心障碍者与身心健全者的差异，这些差异表现在外形以及肢体、器官的功能上。这些不同点导致一般人站在本位的观点看待身心障碍者。若可以用一个新的视角重新看待彼此的差异点，将有助于增强身心障碍者的自我认同以及消解一般人异样的眼光。本文运用事物的认知概念结构中的三个属性———“外在形式”、“组成成分”以及“动作”来说明“正常人”与身心障碍者之间的差异并不在阶级、品格等方面，而是功能性的欠缺与否。若我们可以从本位的认知模式转换为从身心障碍者的角度、立场出发来思考，就能真正理解平等的意义。身心障碍者有好几种类型，本文以听障者的例子进行分析，特别强调“语言”带来的认知价值。

　　关键词：身心障碍者  认知模式  听障者  语言与认知

　　A Slow Boat to the Bay of Persons with Disabilities

　　—  From A Self-centered Perspective to the Care of Others

　　Chang Rongxing

　　Abstract:Prejudice and misunderstanding against persons with disabilities are permeate in society till today and most of us are not even aware of it. One reason for this lies in the difference between persons with disabilities and those who are not, embodied in their appearances as well as functions of body organs. This difference renders that people look at persons with disabilities from a self-centered perspective. With a different approach, we could discolor our lens towards persons the difference and persons with disabilities can thus establish better self identification. This article suggests that the difference between persons with disabilities and those are not is only limited to body function and does not concern an individual’s merits or their social classes, by comparing and illustrating three elements in cognition structure i.e. format, constitutive and telic. If we could look at this issue from the standing of persons with disabilities, we could understand what equality really means. Given the various types of disability, this article focuses on persons with hearing impairments and emphasizes the cognitive value of “language”.

　　Keywords：persons with disabilities; mode of cognition; persons with hearing impairments; language and cognition

 

　　二、对《人民日报》中听力障碍者

　　相关报道的内容分析

　　高宇翔 刘晗煦

　　摘要：阅读描述残障者积极形象的文字或图片、间接接触残障者，是公众改善对残障者态度的路径之一。在这一过程中，主流媒体的影响至关重要。本研究采用内容分析的方法对1948~2015年《人民日报》刊登的281篇与听障者相关的报道分析发现：各年度刊登听障者相关报道的数量和图片报道的比例逐步增长。不过，报纸对听障者的报道存在一定的时间差异、地域差异、篇幅差异和版面差异;对听障者的称谓存在多词混用的现象;以听障者为主要对象的报道所占比例较低;听障者形象往往是匿名的、缺少性别和年龄特征的。如何塑造客观的、真实的、积极的以及符合聋人文化的听障者的媒体形象是值得关注的问题。

　　关键词：听力障碍  《人民日报》  内容分析

　　A Content Analysis of People's Daily Coverage on People with Hearing Disabilities

　　Gao Yuxiang  Liu Hanxu

　　Abstract: Through a content analysis of the People’s Daily, this study analyzes the contents of 281 news stories and articles covering people with hearing disabilities from 1948 to 2015. It reveals that the number of articles and pictures covering people with hearing disabilities has increased steadily during the past 68 years. However, there are variations among the articles in terms of time, location coverage, content length and page distribution. Further analysis also points out that persons with hearing disabilities and their educational institutions constitute a rather small portion of coverage, and the newspaper fails to pay attention to some personal attributes (including sex and age) in their reports. Therefore, it is important to propose further discussion on media coverage in order to build authentic, positive image of persons with hearing disabilities in accordance with the Deaf culture.

　　Keywords: Hearing Disabilities; People’s Daily; Attitude; Content Analysis

 

　　三、《残疾人权利公约》框架下我国残障者教育发展研究

　　庞 文

　　摘要：《残疾人权利公约》视残障者为积极、能动的权利主体，强调通过消除社会的歧视和障碍促进残障者的发展，残障者的教育因此迎来了新的发展契机。教育公平应成为残障者教育发展的核心理念与目标，保障残障者尤其是非义务教育阶段残障者的教育机会，促进残障者教育资源在城乡间、地区间和校际间的公平配置，对特殊学校教育和随班就读政策进行反思和调整，真正确立融合教育的理念和制度，是我们未来努力的方向。为最终实现残障者的平等教育权，应注重教育环境的无障碍建设，并为残障者提供完善的合理便利。

　　关键词：《残疾人权利公约》  残障者教育  教育公平  融合教育

　　Education for Persons with Disabilities

　　in China under CRPD

　　Pang Wen

　　Abstract:“Persons with disabilities” are positive and active subjects of rights under CRPD, and what is most important for development of persons with disabilities is to elimination social discrimination and barriers. These ideas equally apply to education for persons with disabilities. Fairness should be considered as the core concept and goal for disability education, including guaranteeing equal education opportunity especially at non-compulsory education stage, and promoting equity in allocating education resources between urban and rural areas, among different regions and schools. For this purpose, we should reflect on and adjust current special education and “learning in regular classes” policies, and establish a real system of inclusive education. In order to realize equal education rights for persons with disabilities, we should pay fair attention to the provision of accessible environment and reasonable accommodations.

　　Keywords：CRPD; education for persons with disabilities; education fairness; inclusive education

 

　　四、云南少数民族残障儿童教育实证调查研究

　　者荣娜

　　摘要：国家政策规定民族地区的地市州盟和30万人口以上、残障儿童较多的县市区要建设一所特殊教育学校。云南少数民族自治地方很多县人口未达到30万，又是贫困地区，残障儿童义务教育普及率相对较低，办学条件较差，特殊教育教师和康复专业人员数量不足，相关地方性法规规定不充分。要提高对残障儿童受教育权益保障的认识，注重特殊教育理念的培养，继续贯彻落实民族地区特殊教育相关政策，加大相关教育经费投入，加强师资支撑体系建设，吸引社会资源参与。

　　关键词:云南少数民族  参展儿童  受教育权  特殊教育

　　Empirical Research on Rights to Education of Children with Disabilities in Minority Regions of Yunnan Province

　　Zhe Rongna

　　Abstract:The empirical research shows that in the ethnic minority regions of Yunnan Province are poverty-stricken areas, where the schooling rate for children with disabilities is low, school conditions are not well provided, there are not enough special education teachers and rehabilitation professionals. In addition, the local regulations are not adequate. The research suggests that to cope with this problem, awareness of the right to education of children with disabilities should be raised, and special education policies in minority regions should be effectively implemented. In addition, the government should invest more in education in these areas and support teacher training, and attract more social resources.

　　Keywords: ethnic minority groups; children with disabilities; right to education; poverty; special education

 

　　五、特殊学生社会排斥的社会工作介入：

　　基于生态系统理论的方案优化

　　李学会 吴   玲

　　摘要：特殊学生遭遇社会排斥是教育领域常见但又缺乏有效干预和预防方法的问题。本文在社会工作常用的生态理论视角下，基于虹口区特殊教育指导中心进行特殊学生行为干预的案例，对已有的干预流程以及效果进行了归纳和评估，在此基础上，优化和理清了目前的干预模式。除此之外，还建构了区域内教育系统应对特殊学生社会排斥的工作模式。注重预防社会排斥，创造融合教育环境，既是残障工作强调的权利模式的内在要求，也是社会工作介入以达到成人与环境“适应性平衡”目标的要求。本文最后指出，注重本土实践经验的总结与提炼，是社会工作方法本土化以及残障工作规范化的一个可选择路径，也是整合社会资源，实现良性社会治理的探索方向。

　　关键词：残障社会工作  生态系统理论  融合教育  社会排斥

　　The Social Work Intervention in Cases of Social Exclusion against Special Students:

　　An Improved Scheme from the Perspective of Ecological System Theory

　　Li Xuehui  Wu Ling

　　Abstract:It is common that special students experience social exclusion while there lacks effective measures of intervention and prevention. This paper summarizes and evaluates current intervention process based on selected cases from Shanghai Hongkou District Special Education Center, from the perspective of ecological system theory used in social work. It tries to clarify current intervention mode and propose an improved scheme to cope with social exclusion against special students in the area. It suggests that the social model of disability emphasizes the importance of prevention and creating an inclusive environment, which is also in accordance with the goal of social work to realize “adaptive balance” between humans and the environment. Lastly, the paper discusses the localization of social work methodology and standardization of disability social work.

　　Keywords: Disability Social Work; Ecological System Theory; Inclusive Education; Social Exclusion

 

　　六、生态系统视角下视障学生的平等受教育权

　　张倩昕 蔡 聪

　　摘要：本文运用生态系统理论，以联合国《残疾人权利公约》第24条为框架，分析各个系统对视障学生的教育支持以及应如何实现视障学生的平等受教育权。笔者认为，微观系统为视障学生提供必要的教育平台支持，发挥视障学生的主观能动性;中观系统动员家庭、学校、社会三方力量进行支持;宏观系统提供平等、包容的政策及文化环境支持，将有利于视障学生在融合的环境中得到系统全面的教育支持，促进个人的成长与发展，实现真正意义上的融合教育。

　　关键词：视障者  随班就读  融合教育  生态系统理论

　　Equal Right to Education of Students with Visual Impairments under the Ecological System Theory

　　Zhang Qianxin   Cai Cong

　　Abstract:Using the ecological system theory and article 24 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities as a framework, this paper analyzes the support provided to students with visual impairments at different levels in the ecological system and how to realize equal right to education for them, based on interviews with 10 persons with visual impairments who experienced “learning in regular classes” in different times. It suggests that the micro-system can provide students with necessary platform support to develop students’ potentials, the mezzo-system can mobilize joint support from families, schools and society, while the macro-system can provide policy and cultural support. All these are important for students with visual impairments’ access to systematic, comprehensive educational support in an inclusive environment, promote individual development and realize real inclusive education.

　　Keywords: Persons with Visual Impairments; Learning in Regular Classes; Inclusive Education; Ecological System Theory

 

　　七、中国智力和发展性障碍者支持性就业发展研究

　　许家成 周海滨

　　摘要：随着联合国《残疾人权利公约》的生效，障碍者的就业权利被给予了新的关注。为推动智力和发展性障碍者的支持性就业在中国的发展，实现智力和发展性障碍者的就业权利，一些中国成年心智障碍者民间服务机构开始了有关支持性就业模式的探索。本文包含支持性就业的基本理论，在我国实施支持性就业的民间尝试，以及这些先行探索在实际执行中的效果、存在的问题和对未来中国支持性就业发展的启示。

　　关键词：智力和发展性障碍  支持性就业  庇护性就业  个别化转衔计划  个别化支持计划

　　Research on the Development of Supported Employment for Persons with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in China

　　Xu Jiacheng  Zhou Haibin

　　Abstract: After the CRPD came into force, the right to employment for persons with disabilities goes under the light of attentions. The aim of this research is to explore feasible models of supported employment (SE) for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities in China, and provide evidence-based suggestions on future policies. It is an experimental action research. This research focuses on SE cases in one year’s time. It firstly chose and trains twelve job coaches from seven vocational service providers. Then it follows with stops of SE, including job development, assessing the persons with intellectual disabilities, on the job training and so on.

　　Keywords： intellectual and developmental disabilities; supported employment; Job coach; sheltered employment; evidence-based practice; individualized translation Plan; individualized supported plan

 

　　八、智力障碍者在电影传播中的多种角色——智力障碍者作为电影人物、电影观众等多种传播角色的实例观察报告

　　王  丽

　　摘要：本文从纪录片创作者和电影放映活动发起者的视角考察了智力障碍者在电影传播的不同环节中的角色，分析智力障碍者在电影这一传播模式中的形象和需求，探讨如何通过电影模式传播与智力障碍有关的信息，助力智力障碍者的平等权利在社会中的有效传播与普及。

　　关键词：智力障碍  电影传播  传播角色  残章权利

　　Roles of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities in Movie Communication

　　Wang Li

　　Abstract:This article examines the different roles of persons with intellectual disabilities at different stages of movie communication from the perspective of a movie maker and an organizer for film watching activities, analyzes the images of persons with intellectual disabilities presented in movies and their actual needs, explores how to deliver messages in regard to persons with intellectual disabilities through movies and contribute to social inclusion and equal enjoyment of rights for them through effective media communication.

　　Keywords:intellectual disabilities; movie communication; roles in communication; disability rights

 

　　九、残障的人权模式

　　陈  博译

　　摘要：本文希望论证的是残障的人权模式是对社会模式的改进，并且有助于《残疾人权利公约》的实施。本文指出残障的人权模式有如下特点：强调损伤并不阻碍人权的享有和行使，包含了第一代和第二代人权，将损伤看作人类多样性中宝贵的一部分，承认身份认同问题的存在，允许对预防政策进行评价，有助于实现社会正义。

　　关键词：残障的人权模式  残障的社会模式  《残疾人权利公约》

　　A Human Rights Model of Disability

　　Theresia Degener

　　Translated by Chen Bo

　　Abstract: This article argues that the human rights model is an improvement of the social model of disability and that it is a tool to implement the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. It argues that the human rights model of disability: emphaises that impairments do not hinder human rights capacity, includes first and second generation of human rights, values impairments as part of human diversity, acknowledges identity issues, allows for assessment of prevention policy and strives for social justice.

　　Keywords: human rights model of disability; social model of disability; Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities