一、残障权利与公众传播——关于2015年中国十大残障权利事件的讨论

　　蔡  聪

　　摘要：自1980年代以来，人们对残障的认知经历了从传统模式向医疗模式的转变。2008年，中国批准联合国《残疾人权利公约》后，本土残障人组织开始推动人们对残障认知向社会模式的转变。但在媒体报道中，我们仍然经常看到对残障污名化、病态化、超常化、错误化、政绩化等的报道传统，或使用医疗模式的报道框架，这对残障人权利的实践带来了诸多不良影响。为推动公众残障意识的提升，民间残障人组织“一加一”发起了年度十大残障权利事件的评选与发布。本文以2015年十大残障权利事件为例，结合联合国《残疾人权利公约》中的具体权利及其倡导之社会模式展开具体分析，重新检视残障领域发生的新闻与传播事件，为媒体报道和公众理解提供多元思路。

　　关键词：十大残障权利事件  《残疾人权利公约》  公众传播  残障人组织

　　Disability Rights and Mass Communication

　　—  Reflections on “2015 Top 10 Disability Rights Events”

　　Cai Cong

　　Abstract:Since 1980s people’s perception towards disability there has been a shift from traditional model to medical model. China ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2008 and local disabled persons’ organizations. However, it is still common to see media coverage on disability-related issues in manners that stigmatize, pathologize, para-normalize and convey incorrect information about persons with disabilities, adopt medical model or use disability as an instrument for showcasing government achievements. To raise disability rights awareness among the public, a local disabled persons’ organization launched an annual Top 10 Disability Rights Events Award since 2013. Adopting the framework of CRPD and the social model it advocates, this paper takes the 2015 Award as an example and analyzes selected media reports regarding disability, in an attempt to provide an alternative approach that media and the public could take in reporting and understanding disability-related issues.

　　Keywords：Top 10 Disability Rights Events; Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; Mass Communication; Disabled Persons’ Organizations

 

　　二、赋权与增能：残疾人社会支持的逻辑、机制及比较

　　解  韬   李超海  陈巧丽

　　摘要：维护残疾人的合法权益，为残疾人提供社会支持使其融入社会主流并过上有尊严的生活是学术界探讨的重要课题。残疾人的社会支持分为赋权的社会支持和增能的社会支持。研究表明，赋权采取的是自上而下逐步赋权的方式，其实现逻辑是社会权利在先、政治权利在后。增能采取的是内部与外部相结合的方式，由个体自身的主动增能加上外部推动的增能而实现。本研究比较了赋权与增能的路径，提出了一种集体赋权与个体增能相结合的残疾人社会支持和权益保护思路，并试图建立残疾人社会支持和权益保护的“权—能”模型。

　　关键词：残疾人  社会支持  赋权  增能

　　Top Down Empowerment vs. Bottom Up Empowerment:

　　Mechanisms for Social Support to Persons with Disabilities

　　Xie Tao  Li Chaohai  Chen Qiaoli

　　Abstract: Through a content analysis of the People’s Daily, this study analyzes the contents of 281 news stories and articles covering people with hearing disabilities from 1948 to 2015. It reveals that the number of articles and pictures covering people with hearing disabilities has increased steadily during the past 68 years. However, there are variations among the articles in terms of time, location coverage, content length and page distribution. Further analysis also points out that persons with hearing disabilities and their educational institutions constitute a rather small portion of coverage, and the newspaper fails to pay attention to some personal attributes (including sex and age) in their reports. Therefore, it is important to propose further discussion on media coverage in order to build authentic, positive image of persons with hearing disabilities in accordance with the Deaf culture.

　　Keywords: Persons with Disabilities; Social Support; Top-down Empowerment; Bottom-up Empowerment

 

　　三、从赋权到充权：盲人参加普通高考如何实现“零的突破”

　　韩  青

　　摘要：2014年6月7日，时年46岁的河南盲人李金生在诸多媒体的关注下步入河南省确山县高考考场，实现了盲人参加普通高考的“零的突破”。盲人争取参加普通高考也成为民间社会政策倡导的范例。作为盲人高考倡导的参与者和李金生高考两天的陪伴者，笔者使用赋权和充权视角，回顾盲人高考大门打开背后十多年的民间呼吁和六年多的法规铺垫，以及李金生等权利自倡导者如何以公众参与的方式自我维权，分析倡导背后民间社会的支持力量，以此探究盲人高考取得突破的条件以及合理便利的概念如何通过盲人高考进入大众视野，并在之后的高考中惠及其他残障考生。.

　　关键词：“盲人高考”赋权冲权  合理便利  政策倡导  权利自倡导者

　　Empowerment:

　　Story behind Blind People’s Breakthrough in

　　Attending the National College Entrance Examination

　　Han Qing

　　Abstract:June 7 in 2014, 46-year-old blind person Li Jinsheng from Henan Province stepped into the test room of the National College Entrance Examination under surrounded by media attention and thus achieved a breakthrough where blind people were admitted to the National College Entrance Examination for the first time, which also has become a good example of policy advocacy carried out by social organizations. As a participant in the advocacy process who accompanied Li through the test, the writer, adopting the empowerment perspective, examines the civil advocacy and legislative progress over the last decade, analyzes how different stakeholders participated and supported in the process, in an attempt to understand the conditions that led to the success.

　　Keywords：“Blind People Attending National College Entrance Examination”; Empowerment; Reasonable Accommodations; Discrimination; Policy Advocacy; Self-Advocates

 

　　四、2014~2016年全国各省(自治区、直辖市)实施定向招录残疾人公务员政策观察报告

　　王  菁

　　摘要：2013年9月，《中共中央组织部等7部门关于促进残疾人按比例就业的意见》出台。这是我国第一次从国家层面提出要推动定向招录残疾人公务员政策的实施。因此，2014年部分省市开始推进定向招录残疾人公务员政策的实施。本文用定量的方法对2014~2016年我国内地31个省(自治区、直辖市)的公务员招录职位进行分析，发现我国部分省虽然实施了定向招录残疾人公务员政策，但是招录比例远远低于法定比例，而且由于政策执行力不足、岗位报考条件过于苛刻导致该政策并未对残疾人就业产生实质性的正面效果。因此，应该通过让更多残疾人参与政策制定、消除制度性歧视、提供考试合理便利、建立便利救济渠道、中央国家机关带头招录残疾人公务员等方式来改变当前的局面。

　　关键词：残疾人就业  公务员定向招录  政策制定  定量分析

　　An Observation Report on the Provincial Policies

　　on Recruiting People with Disabilities for Civil Service

　　from 2014-2016

　　Wang Jing

　　Abstract:The central government issued a policy on promoting employment for persons with disabilities in 2013 which is the first time that China issued a national policy promoting recruitment of persons with disabilities for civil service. Since 2014 some provinces and cities started to implement this policy. This paper uses quantitative analysis and examines the recruitment arrangement in all 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in mainland China from 2014 to 2016. It is found that: 1) only some provinces have implemented this policy; 2) current recruitment number of persons with disabilities is much lower than the quota stipulated by law; 3)the eligibility criteria for the civil service posts available are too rigorous for persons with disabilities to offer substantial opportunities for them. In conclusion, it suggests that more persons with disabilities participate in policy making, eliminate institutional discrimination against persons with disabilities, provide reasonable accommodations in recruitment tests, provide effective remedies for job applicants in cases of disputes and that national agencies set an example for local provinces by recruiting persons with disabilities.  

　　Keywords: Disability Employment; targeting recruitment for civil service; Policy Making; Quantitative Analysis

 

　　五、身残志坚?——现代化进程中残障女性创业者的身份建构危机

　　朱丽玲

　　摘要：本文以云南省S县为田野调查出发点，以小镇上的残障女性创业者为调研对象，描述残障人士在S县城少数民族文化背景语境下的生存环境，了解他们的生存状态。本文重点关注残障女性的身份认同问题，以及她们对于来自社会的“身残志坚”这一标签的看法。对其看法的考查包括两个方面：一是她们如何看待自己，如何面对所处情境，如何处理出行、创业、经营、家庭、交往、康复等问题;二是周围的人是如何看待她们在教育、康复等方面面临的生存环境。

　　关键词：残障  女性  创业者  身份认同

　　Identity Crisis of Women Entrepreneurs with Disabilities in Modernization

　　Zhu Liling

　　Abstract:Based on field survey in S county of Yunnan Province, this paper describes the living situation of persons with disabilities in economically undeveloped areas of China. It focuses on identification of women with disabilities and how they perceive social labelling. The paper mainly examines two aspects in this regard: how they see themselves, interact with the living environment and cope with daily issues such as mobility, business, family and rehabilitation; and how people around perceive disability and the situation of persons with disabilities.

　　Keywords: Disability; Women; Entrepreneur; Identification

 

　　六、精神医疗中的预先指示：倾听精神障碍患者的声音

　　Fiona Morrissey

　　陈  博译

　　摘要：“预先指示”，或称为“生前预嘱”(living will)，是由有决策能力的成年人(competent adults)就将来丧失能力(future incapacity)时的若干决定提前表达自己的意愿。独立做出选择和决定的能力有可能受到精神疾病的影响，这就使得预先指示与精神卫生法产生了关联。精神健康领域的预先指示使有能力的自然人在遭遇精神健康危机之前得以明确自己对于治疗的某种倾向性。预先指示的提倡者认为它能够增进精神健康服务使用者的自主权，并且能够为精神疾病患者赋能，使其参与到未来的医疗决策之中。反对者则认为预先指示会引发一系列的法律与伦理问题，进而阻碍他们在实践中的工作。本文认为，由于预先指示在治疗效果、经济效益以及人权等方面都有潜在的益处，爱尔兰的精神健康领域应当给予预先指示足够的重视。

　　关键词：预先指示  知情同意  《残疾人权利公约》

　　Advance Directives in Mental Health Care: Hearing the Voice of the Mentally Ill

　　Fiona Morrissey

　　Translated by Chen Bo

　　Abstract: Advance directives or “living wills” are statements by competent adults setting out their wishes in anticipation of future incapacity to make decisions. The capacity to make independent choices and decisions may be impacted by mental illness, making advance directives of relevance to mental health law. Advance mental health directives allow competent individuals to specify their treatment preferences in advance of an incapacitating mental health crisis. Advocates believe that they can enhance autonomy and empower persons with mental illness to participate in their future treatment decisions. Opponents believe that they present a wide range of legal and ethical problems, making them unworkable in practice. The potential therapeutic, economic and human rights benefits demand their consideration in the Irish mental health context.

　　Keywords: Advanced Directive; Informed Consent; UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

 

　　七、影像中的残障与平等

　　丁  鹏

　　摘要：本文基于国际《残疾人权利公约》的反歧视标准，检视了日常生活中有关残障的意象，并借助残障人自己的影像故事，批判传统社会中有关残障的狭隘想象。继而通过关于不同残障议题的影像，呈现肢体、听力、视力、精神障碍人士的日常生活，反思如何消除关于残障的过度阐释(或偏见)，回到本心常识，尊重其平等权利。最后，讨论了法律人可以通过法学与美学的交叉，体认人的多样性与固有尊严，扩展关于社会正义的视野，并在促进残障人平等获得司法保护等具体领域有所作为。

　　关键词：残障  影像美学  平等

　　Disability and Equality in Movies

　　Ding Peng

　　Abstract: This paper examines the images of disability in daily life based on the anti-discrimination standards in the CRPD, and criticizes the narrow imagination on disability of the traditional society through movies and stories regarding persons with disabilities. It also presents the daily life of persons with physical, hearing, visual or mental disabilities through various movies, which helps audience reflect on how to eliminate the over-interpretation or prejudice on disability, return to natural human feelings and common sense, and respect their equal rights. It concludes that the possible intersection of law and aesthetics would help lawyers recognize the human diversity and inherent dignity, enlarge their vision of social justice, and identify meaningful strategies in promoting equal access to justice for persons with disabilities.

　　Keywords: Disability; Movie; Aesthetics; Equality

 

　　电影评论：

             不再爱丽丝(No More Alice)——评电影《依然爱丽丝》(Still Alice)

             陈婉璇

　　·     温情镜像下的社会接纳：从“Idiot”(傻子)到“Brother”(兄弟)——评电影《雨人》

             戴怡

　　·     即使她是个孩子——评电影《姐姐的守护者》

　　      黄依心

　　·     残障人权利的保护途径——评电影《海洋天堂》

　　      李娟

　　·     愿斗争之心不死，人权之光不灭——评电影《熔炉》

　　      李林芳

　　·     “独立”的多重含义——评电影《生命的舞动》

　　      刘逸君

　　·     越是受缚，越要自由——评电影《飞越疯人院》

　　      马玉蝶

　　·     反对“美化”盲人——评电影《推拿》

　　      汤威

　　·     作为卢伽雷氏症患者的霍金——评电影《万物理论》

　　      魏安迪

　　·     秘密让人孤独，接受使人快乐——评电影《不存在的女儿》

　　      杨晴

　　·     谁的无法触碰——评电影《无法触碰》

　　      张萌

Disability Movie Reviews：

·             Still Alice                                         Chen Wanxuan

·             Rain Man                                                Dai Yi

·             My Sister’s Keeper                                    Huang Yixin

·             The Ocean Heaven                                        Li Juan

·             Silenced                                              Li Linfang

·             Inside I’m Dancing                                      Liu Yijun

·             One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest                          Ma Yudie

·             Blind Massage                                         Tang Wei

·             Theory of Everything                                     Wei Andi

·             The Memory Keeper's Daughter                           Yang Qing

·             Intouchables                                         Zhang Meng