一、聋人的沟通民族志：视觉对话的特性

　　陈玩臻

　　摘要：本文是一篇关于聋人的沟通民族志。笔者于2010~2013年在台湾、香港、大陆进行多点的田野调查。台湾、香港和大陆有不同的政治以及教育体制，虽然教材都是使用华文撰写，社会大众也多数能使用华语和华文，却有三套不同系统的手语。本文关注日常生活中聋人使用手语的沟通特性，发现感觉器官的使用情况不同，人在使用语言进行描述，将自己和世界联结在一起时，符号类型的运用也有所不同。在多重管道的沟通环境中，以视觉管道为主的手语大量运用指涉性的描述办法，这种情况在不同手语系统中都存在。以往语言人类学对指涉性(indexicality)的讨论，只在人与人或人与物之间。本研究的贡献在于发现：在手语语言的脉络中，指涉关系必须建立在感官的联结之上。另外，笔者在研究过程中注意到聋人在家庭和社会中“不能听”的弱势处境，因为语言意识形态的关系，预先排除了视觉语言被使用的可能性，让不同沟通管道之间的使用频率失衡。本研究不只让人可以认识聋人及其沟通方式的特性，也能让人重新思考语言是什么，以及反省社会中某些制度或规则是否还有改善的空间。

　　关键词:聋人  手语  沟通民族志  台湾手语  语言意识形态

　　An Ethnography of Deaf Communication: The Distinctiveness of Visible Conversation

　　Chen Wanzhen

　　Abstract: This thesis is an ethnography of communication of Deaf people in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Mainland China. The fieldwork for this thesis was conducted between 2010 to 2013. Taiwan, Hong Kong and Mainland China have different political and education systems, though Chinese and Mandarin are common languages. For Deaf people in the three places, however, they use very different sign languages. This thesis focuses on the distinctiveness of sign languages used in daily life and multiple channels of communication with the world Deaf people live in. It explores how different sense organs used determine differences in employing symbols in communication. It is found that use of vision is the most fundamental and universal shared feature of all sign languages. Previous discussion of indexicality in linguistic anthropology generally sees the use of sense organ as a constant in oral-audio communication. This thesis contributes to the study of indexicality in linguistic anthropology by arguing that indexicality relies on linkage between sense organs in sign languages. In addition, it notes that language ideology of oral-audio speech discriminates the Deaf. The ideology of oral-audio language devalues visual language. In addition to documenting the communication characteristics of Deaf people, this thesis also makes it possible to rethink what is language, and, based on that, to consider ways in which changes in policy and practice can be made to remove obstacles for Deaf communication caused by linguistic ideologies.

　　Keywords:Deaf; Sign Language; Ethnography of Communication; Language Ideology

 

　　二、周围人如何看待我的孩子——对三位自闭症儿童母亲深度访谈的质性分析

　　郭德华

　　摘要：本研究通过对三位自闭症儿童母亲深度访谈的质性分析，还原三位自闭症儿童生存的社会生态，旨在倡导社会提高对自闭症的认知度和接纳程度，关爱自闭症人士及其家庭，使自闭症儿童的各项权利保障有良好的社会基础。研究发现，三位自闭症母亲的心路历程有很高的共性，周围人对自闭症儿童都存在不同程度的歧视。本研究揭示了当前促进自闭症儿童权利保障的紧迫性和复杂性，提出有效的措施主要是加强对母亲(家庭)的支持、倡导社会正确认知、构建社会支持体系等

　　关键词：自闭症  残障权利  歧视  自闭症儿童母亲

　　How Do They See My Children?

　　——A Qualitative Analysis Based on In-Depth Interviews with Three Mothers of Children with Autism

　　Guo Dehua

　　Abstract: Through in-depth interviews with three mothers of children with autism, this research tried to restore the living situation of children with autism and aims to advocate for awareness and acceptance of people with autism as well as support for them and their families, so as to lay a solid social ground for advancing their rights. This research shows that the three mother's experience and attitudes are similar and people around them have shown discrimination to some extent. It stresses the urgency of promoting rights of children with autism and points out that effective measures include strengthening social support for the mothers (carers/families) and enhancing social awareness.

　　Keywords: Autism; Disability Rights; Discrimination; Mothers of Children with Autism; Social Support

 

　　三、保护未决羁押中的残障人权利工作指南

　　张万洪      丁   鹏

　　摘要：本指南基于联合国《残疾人权利公约》以及中国《刑事诉讼法》有关规定，讨论了处于未决羁押的残障人权利保护议题，包括在羁押的每个阶段识别残障人的需求，提供无障碍设施与合理便利，确保其平等知晓诉讼权利、获得律师帮助等权利;并倡导政府部门之间，政府与人民团体、社会组织之间的多方合作，以共同保障未决羁押中残障人的权利。本指南阅读群体包括未决羁押人及其家属、办案人员、看守所管教、公安监管部门、驻所检察官、看守所值班律师、医务工作者、司法社工、地方残联维权部、社区残疾人专职委员等。

　　关键词：残障  未决羁押  律师帮助

　　Guide on Rights Protection of Pre-trial Detainees with Disabilities

　　Zhang Wanhong   Ding Peng

　　Abstract: This guide discusses the rights protection of persons with disabilities in pre-trial detention under the framework of CRPD and Criminal Procedural Law of China, including how detention center should recognize the needs of detainees with disabilities at each stage of detention, provide accessible facilities and reasonable accommodations for them, and ensure their equal access to information in regard to their procedural rights and access to lawyers. It proposes for the cooperation among governmental departments, as well as among governmental organs, people’s organizations and social organizations to protect the rights of persons with disabilities in pre-trial detention.

　　Keywords: Disability; Pre-trial Detention; Access to Lawyers

 

　　四、中国残障人教育立法30年：轨迹、问题与方向

　　刘 璞

　　摘要：我国残障人教育立法的发展，呈现了从无到有，从普通法律的个别条款规定到专项立法的发展轨迹，正从政策主导型逐步向依法管理型迈进。立法进程中国家承担义务的思想不断得到明确。但是现今我国残障人教育立法仍存在着体系不完备、法律原则性规定和程序性规定缺失、义务教育阶段招生范围规定不详尽、高等教育招生范围限制较大等问题。建议加大残障人教育立法步伐，建立残障人教育法律体系，运用权利与福利混合立法保障模式实现平等基础上的合理补偿，采用“最小受限”和“最大融合”的立法理念体现融合教育的目的。

　　关键词：残障人教育立法  立法模式  权利与福利  融合教育

　　Legislation on Education of Persons with Disabilities in 30 Years: History, Challenges and Future

　　Liu Pu

　　Abstract：Legislation on education of persons with disabilities in China has gone through a history from individual articles to special laws and presents a shift from policy-oriented towards rule of law. In the process, the role of the government as duty-bearer has been clarified and strengthened. However, problems still exist such as incomplete legal system, lack of guiding principles and procedures, unclear definition of scopes and inappropriate restrictions. This paper suggests that the government take initiative in establishing a comprehensive legal system in regard to education of persons with disabilities, based on a hybrid mode of rights protection and welfare provision. The legal system is expected to realize the purpose of inclusive education, through reasonable compensation based on equal treatment and “least restrictive” as well as “most inclusive” notions.

　　Keywords：Legislation on Education of Persons with Disabilities; Legislative Mode; Rights and Welfare; Inclusive Education

 

　　五、“瓷娃娃”接受义务教育的困境研究

　　邢焕萍

　　摘要：本文以“瓷娃娃”接受义务教育情况的调研数据为依据，从困境、缘由两个方面对“瓷娃娃”接受义务教育的困境进行研究与解析，并提出相应的建议。

　　关键词：“瓷娃娃”  残障儿童  义务教育

　　Research on Access to Compulsory Education of Children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta

　　Xing Huanping

　　Abstract: This paper draws on a survey on access to compulsory education of children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta, analyzes their challenges and the reasons behind and proposes suggestions to improve current education system in China.

　　Keywords: “China-Dolls”; Children with Disabilities; Compulsory Education

 

　　六、无法摆脱的边缘困局———残障者职业状况调查

　　黄诗欣

　　摘要：本文用定性研究方法详细了解了位残障者的生命和职业故事，指出残障者在就业中往往遇到征聘歧视、工作待遇不平等、缺乏无障碍设施及合理便利以及职业隔离等职业困境。这些职业困境是一系列的国家法律、政策与社会文化共同建构的结果，这种建构又会反过来制造和强化残障者的污名化与不利地位，使其陷入边缘困局之中。要打破这些职业困境，不但需要消除劳动力市场中的就业歧视，更需要构建起普遍化(universal)的就业支持系统，为残障者提供个性化的就业服务。

　　关键词：残障  就业歧视  就业支持  社会模式

　　An Inescapable Trap of Marginalization?

　　A Qualitative Research on Employment of People with Disabilities

　　Huang Shixin

　　Abstract:This research uses qualitative methods and delves into the life and occupational stories of 21 people with disabilities. It argues that people with disabilities face occupational obstacles including recruitment discrimination, unequal employment treatment (salary and welfares), lack of accessibility and reasonable accommodations as well as occupational segregation. These obstacles result from co-construction of national legislation, policies and social culture, and they will in turn reinforce the stigmatization and disadvantaged position of people with disabilities. Therefor, people with disabilities fall into a trap of marginalization. To break this trap, it is necessary to eliminate direct discrimination in the labor market against people with disabilities, while constructing a universal employment support system and provide individual employment support for people with disabilities.

　　Keywords:Disability; Employment Discrimination; Employment Support; Social Model of Disability

 

　　七、消除残障就业歧视的官方举措：香港的实践及《工商业与人权指导原则》的启示

　　程 骞

　　摘要：残障就业歧视是当代香港社会面临的较为突出的歧视问题。香港官方为了解决这一问题，从立法、行政和司法三个方面一齐下手，形成了独到的实践经验。从立法上，香港形成了由国际公约、基本法律和具体法例构成的规范体系，确立了与残障就业歧视相关的一系列法律概念、标准、责任和程序。从行政上，法定机构和政府部门相互配合，以不同的职能形式将法律规定的残障者平等就业权落到实处。从司法上，香港保障残障就业歧视受害者的诉权，以判例的形式实现个案正义，指导法律实践，并且为残障者提供法律援助服务，保障其利用司法程序的能力，进而实现获得司法正义。这三者的集合构成了香港官方消除残障就业歧视的宏观经验。

　　关键词：残障歧视  就业歧视  残障就业  平等机会委员会

　　Official Measures in Eliminating Disability Discrimination at Workplace:

　　Hong Kong Experience

　　Cheng Qian

　　Abstract: Hong Kong has been fighting against disability discrimination at workplace through legislative, administrative and judicial measures. In Hong Kong, international conventions, basic laws and specific codes constitute a legal system which defines legal conceptions, standards, liabilities and procedurals regarding disability discrimination at workplace. Public organizations and governmental departments in Hong Kong function in different ways to protect and promote the right to equal employment of persons with disabilities according to the law. The judicial system of Hong Kong recognizes the right to litigation against disability discrimination at workplace and provides guidance for legal practice through judicial precedents. It also provides the persons with disabilities with legal aid services to enhance their capacity to use the judicial system and hence to ensure their access to justice. The combination of legislative, administrative, and judicial measures is good practice of Hong Kong authority to eliminate disability discrimination at workplace.

　　Keywords: Disability Discrimination; Discrimination at Workplace;   Disability Employment; Equal Opportunities Commission

 

　　八、残障者就业困境及对策建议——以温州市福利企业为例

　　赵 康      任   凡

　　摘要：本文通过对温州市家福利企业的调研分析，发现温州市福利企业在保障残障者就业权利、缓解其生活困难、维护社会稳定方面发挥着重要作用。但福利企业也面临着数量不断下降、规模偏小、安置残障职工人数少、安置成本高和盈利能力差等问题。福利企业发展面临的困境，既有政府对其定位不当、扶持力度弱和管理不到位等制度方面因素的影响，也有其自身竞争力不强等影响因素。

　　为了进一步发挥福利企业对残障者就业权利的保障功能，本文提出如下政策建议：1)实行市场化与政府主导相结合的发展理念，特别要强化政府责任;2)实行民办公助和公办民营等多样化的发展路径;3)完善对福利企业优惠和扶持的激励机制。

　　关键词：残障职工  福利企业  税收优惠

　　Challenges faced by Persons with Disabilities in Employment and Recommendations:

　　Research on Welfare Enterprises in Wenzhou City

　　Zhao Kang  Ren Fan

　　Abstract: Through a survey with 127 welfare enterprises in Wenzhou City, this paper finds out that welfare enterprises play an important role in ensuring access to employment of persons with disabilities. However, welfare enterprises face challenges in recent years including reduction of number, scale and profit, as well as high cost in arranging persons with disabilities in job positions. These challenges are related to lack of support from government and improper management. This paper proposes that the government should 1) strengthen government’s responsibility in the marketization of welfare enterprises; 2) promote diverse development paths such as “private management of public institutions” and “government-supported civil organizations”; 3) improve the incentive and support scheme for welfare enterprises.

　　Keywords: Employees with Disabilities; Welfare Enterprises; Tax Preference

 

　　九、机会平等与结果平等截然不同吗?

　　David A. Strauss

　　陈博   译

　　摘要：本文对机会平等和实质平等的区分进行了讨论。机会平等要求一个人的命运不应由出生时的意外或者其他超出自身控制范围的因素所决定，而这一点也恰恰要求社会对结果进行调整。另外，精英主义机会平等只有在非常特定的条件下才能成立，即人们只有在获得成功的机会不被特定的人把持时才被认为有平等的机会。这种平等在充分的民主政治下通过调整市场分配结果也同样能够实现，而后者却被定义为结果平等。即，主张机会平等的理由和主张结果平等的理由实际上建立在相同的基础上，在表达和修辞上对“两种平等”进行区分并没有提供更好的理解，反而引发了更多误解。

　　关键词：机会平等  结果平等  精英主义平等观

　　The Illusory Distinction between Equality of Opportunity and Equality of Result

　　David A. Strauss

　　Translated by Chen Bo

　　Abstract:This article addresses the distinction between equality of opportunity and equality of result. Equality of opportunity requires that a person's fortunes not be determined by accidents of birth or other factors over which he or she has no control, which also requires distribution of result. In addition, the meritocratic conception of equality of opportunity is a conception of equality only in a very specialized way. People have equal opportunities only in the sense that their chances for success are not dictated by identifiable others. The same kind of equality inheres in well-functioning democratic political arrangements that bring about equality of result by altering market outcomes. Arguments for equality of opportunity and equality of result rest on the same foundations, and the rhetoric that contrasts them is more misleading than valuable.

　　Keywords: Equality of Opportunity; Equality of Result; Meritocratic Conception of Equality of Opportunity

 

　　十、残障研究伦理指南

　　爱尔兰国家残障事务署

　　高 薇       译

　　摘要：残障研究在爱尔兰蓬勃发展，为了确保研究的质量以及对研究参与者的保护，爱尔兰国家残障事务署开发此伦理指南，以协助研究者更好地开展相关领域的研究。此指南综合了目前国际上的良好实践，在开发过程中也进行了广泛的利益相关者咨询，特别是向残障者咨询。此指南可用于残障研究的资助、执行和管理，特别是那些有残障者参与的研究。

　　关键词：残障研究  研究伦理

　　Ethical Guidance for Research with People with Disabilities

　　National Disability Authority, Ireland

　　Translated by Gao Wei

　　Abstract:The field of disability research in Ireland has been expanding in Ireland. To ensure the quality of research and protection of research participants, Irish National Disability Authority has produces the guidelines to assist disability research. The guidelines have drawn from best practice internationally, and a wide process of consultation was conducted, in particular consultation with people with disabilities. These guidelines are designed to be used by those involved in funding, conducting, or managing disability research, most especially that which involves people with disabilities as participants.

　　Keywords:Disability Research; Research Ethics

 

　　十一、书写残疾资历：创造一种再现残障的文本

　　——读《残疾资历——香港精神障碍者文集》

　　李学会

　　摘要：《残疾人权利公约》的理念已成为各地反思残障者生活状况和政策实践的指引，《残疾资历——香港精神障碍者文集》就是一种尝试。残疾资历这一概念具有深刻的社会学想象力，它为残障者的生活和体验提供了历史维度，它尝试在书写残疾资历中获得残疾意识。书写残疾资历，不仅可能为残障者提供自主生活的反思框架，甚至可能作为一种自我赋权的临床策略，也为残障研究提供了新的文本。

　　关键词：残疾资历  主体性  《残疾人权利公约》

　　Writing A CV of Disability: Creating a Text of Disability Representation

　　—Reading Disabilities CV——Essays by Persons with Mental Disabilities in HongKong

　　LI Xuehui

　　Abstract: Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities has become the guide to reflect living conditions of persons with disabilities and policy practice, and the book Disabilities CV——Essays by Persons with Mental Disabilities in Hong Kong is an attempt of such kind. The concept of disability experience is profoundly imaginative in sociological sense. It provides a historical dimension to understand the ongoing lives of persons with disabilities and attempts to cultivate disability awareness via writing CVs of disability. Writing CVs of disability may not only provide the reflection framework for persons with disabilities to live independently, but also provide a self-empowerment strategy, as well as a new text for disability studies.

　　Keywords: Disabilities CV; Subjectivity; Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities