残障人的融合困境及其回应理路
——第十届东亚残障论坛综述
李 勇
摘 要：随着经济社会的发展，残障人的处境有了较大改观。但是，受制于诸多不利因素的共同影响，大部分残障人仍处于社会的边缘地位，此种情况同样出现在东亚其他国家和地区。东亚各国家和地区虽在经济社会文化等方面存在差距，但其间仍有诸多共通之处，是否存在东亚特有的残障与融合观是有待探讨的重要议题。第十届东亚残障论坛在试图回答此问题的基础上召开，来自中国大陆、中国台湾地区、日本、韩国的79位代表共同探讨了融合社会与法治、融合社会中的教育、融合社会中的就业、融合社会中的心智障碍、融合社会中的性别和融合社会中的老龄残障者等六个议题，进而反思是否存在东亚的残障和融合观。
关键词：残障人 残障人权利 融合 东亚残障观
The Inclusion Dilemma of Persons with Disabilities and Its Response -- Summary of the 10th East Asia Disability Studies Forum
Li Yong
Abstract: With the development of economy and society, the situation of persons with disabilities has been greatly improved. However, due to the combined influence of many unfavorable factors, most persons with disabilities are still marginalized in society. This situation also occurs in other East Asian countries and regions. Although there are gaps in the economic, social and cultural aspects of East Asian countries and regions, there are still many commonalities between them. Whether there is a unique perspective on disability and inclusion in East Asia is an important issue to be discussed. The 10th East Asia Disability Studies Forum was held on the basis of an attempt to answer this question. 79 representatives from mainland China, Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea discussed inclusive society and rule of law, education in inclusive society, employment in inclusive society, mental and intellectual disabilities in inclusive society, gender and sexuality in inclusive society, and ageing with disability in inclusive society, and then reflected on whether there was an East Asia perspective on disability and inclusion.
Keywords: Persons with Disabilities; Rights of Persons with Disabilities; Inclusion; East Asia Perspective on Disability
社会包容、社会排斥与残疾人保障
唐 钧
摘 要：在社会政策的制定和实践过程中，政策的决策者、设计者和执行者的同理心无疑是非常重要的，残疾人社会政策也不能例外。政策创意和政策设计都应该围绕各类残疾人的实际需求。只有从残疾人的视角和立场出发去制定政策，才能真正体现我们追求的社会包容，并由此进一步走向平等而无差别的社会融合。否则，因为潜藏在社会文化深层的偏见和歧视以及由此产生的社会排斥，仍然会有意无意地浮出水面，对残疾人造成事实上的伤害。
关键词：社会包容 社会排斥 残疾人
Social Inclusion, Social Exclusion and Protection of Persons with Disabilities
Tang Jun
Abstract: In the process of social policy, the empathy of policy makers, designers and implementers is undoubtedly very important, and social policy for persons with disabilities is no exception. Policy creativity and policy design should focus on the actual needs of all kinds of persons with disabilities. Only when we make policies from the perspective and position of persons with disabilities, can we truly embody the social inclusion we pursue and further move towards equal and undifferentiated social inclusion. Otherwise, the prejudice and discrimination hidden in the deep social culture and the resulting social exclusion will still surface intentionally or unintentionally, causing actual harm to persons with disabilities.
Keywords: Social Inclusion; Social Exclusion; Persons with Disabilities
正义理论、差异政治与障碍研究
苏峰山
摘 要：罗尔斯开展了当代社会契约论的正义理论。森与纳斯鲍姆对此有所反省，并提出能力取径的权利观及正义探讨，尝试指出罗尔斯的正义理论应用在障碍者公民权利保障上的局限，以及思考开展障碍者公民权利的理论架构。但艾丽斯·杨批判如此聚焦于分配的正义论倾向，认为会模糊其他制度性组织的议题。分配的议题固然重要，但是正义的范围超出分配的议题，压迫与支配才是概念化不正义的基本语汇。因此从差异政治或肯认政治切入是相当不同的正义理论。从修正分配原则入手来探讨关于正义与障碍的课题，进一步探讨差异政治在正义理论上的反省，试图厘清上述理论争议的关键，并探讨其对障碍研究的意义。
关键词：正义理论 差异政治 障碍研究 公民权利 能力取径
Theory of Justice, Politics of Difference and Disability Studies
Su Fengshan
Abstract: Rawls develops the justice theory of the contemporary social contract theory. Sen and Nussbaum have reflected on this, and put forward the concept of rights and justice based on the capacity approach. They try to point out the restrictions on the application of Rawls’ theory of justice to the protection of citizens with disabilities, and think about developing the theoretical framework of the civil rights of persons with disabilities. However, Iris Young criticizes the tendency to focus so much on the justice theory of distribution, which obscures other institutional issues. Of course, the issue of distribution is very important, but the scope of justice is beyond the issue of distribution. Oppression and domination are the basic vocabulary for conceptualizing injustice. In this way, it is quite a different theory of justice to cut into the politics of difference. Starting from the revision of the distribution principle, this essay explores the topic of justice and disability, further explores the reflection of the politics of difference in the justice theory, tries to clarify the key disputes to the above theories, and explores the significance of disability studies.
Keywords: Theory of Justice; Politics of Difference; Disability Studies; Civil Rights; Capacity Approach
辨障识人：
视障资源教室辅导老师的在地实践
帅宗琪 王勇智
摘 要：一位在技职院校工作的资源教室辅导老师，以行动研究为方法，探究协助障碍者启动个人能动性与自主发展的路径，参与这所技职院校资源教室组织发展的过程，积累了十年的实践经验。回观反映老师自身在实践的过程中，采用何种行动策略来推进工作的发展，不仅需要辨别障碍的社会处境，而且需要发展出与伙伴（同事、家长及学生）协作的辅导行动。
关键词：资源教室 融合教育 行动研究
Identifying Persons with Disabilities: Field Study of a Tutor at Resource Classrooms for Visual Disability
Shuai Zongqi, Wang Yongzhi
Abstract: A resource classroom tutor working in a vocational college used action research as a method to explore how to assist persons with disabilities to develop personal initiative and independence. By participating in the process of organizing and developing resource classrooms in the college, ten years of practical experience are accumulated. The reflection on what action strategies have been adopted to promote the practical work is that both identifying the social situation of obstacles and developing counseling actions in collaboration with partners (colleagues, parents and students) are needed.
Keywords: Resource Classroom; Inclusive Education; Action Research
台湾视觉障碍者就业政策分析
蓝介洲 林聪吉
摘 要：长期以来，视障者在工作职场的参与相对较为弱势。台湾对于辅导视障者就业的政策包括定额进用、公部门电话值机服务、职业训练、职务再设计等。利用不同的研究方法搜集实证资料，检视上述政策的施行状况，研究结果发现，现行各项政策皆在不同程度上对于视障者就业有所助益，但是也存在若干有待改进之处。建议在质与量上提升定额进用的职缺，设计多元且具发展性的职业训练课程，增加视力协助员的薪资与服务时数，宣传政府政策与视障就业相关资讯。
关键词：视障者就业 定额进用 职业训练 职务再设计 视力协助员
Analysis of the Employment Policy for Persons with Visual Disabilities in Taiwan
Lan Jiezhou; Lin Congji
Abstract: For a long time, the participation of persons with visual disabilities in the workplace has been relatively weak. Taiwan’s policies for the employment of persons with visual disabilities include quota system, public sector telephone check-in services, vocational training, and job accommodation. Using different research methods to collect empirical data and review the implementation of the above policies, the results of the research finds that the current policies are helpful to the employment of persons with visual disabilities to varying degrees, but there are still some areas for improvement. It is recommended to increase the quality and quantity of job vacancies in the quota system, design diversified and developmental vocational training courses, increase the salary and service hours of vision assistants, and publicize government policies and information on employment for persons with visual disabilities.
Keywords: Employment of Persons with Visual Disabilities; Employment Quota; Vocational Training; Job Accommodation; Vision Assistant
全球社会心理残障者草根运动中的融合
伊东香纯
欧阳珊珊译
摘 要：在全球规模的社会心理残障者的运动组织中，各团体在不同的社会处境下，以及对改变这些处境的不同的诉求之下，为共同合作而努力。世界组织名称的更改过程表明，组织成员对心理卫生服务体制持有不同主张，同时他们确认了应该在同一组织中一起活动。通过对这一过程的分析来探讨基于不同主张诉求的社会运动的连带方式。
关键词：社会心理残障 草根运动 融合
Inclusion in the Global Grassroots Movement for Persons with Psychosocial Disabilities
Ito Kasumi
Translated by Ouyang Shanshan
Abstract: In global movement organizations for persons with psychosocial disabilities, various groups work together under different social situations and different demands to change these situations. The process of changing the name of the world organizations shows that the members of the organizations have different opinions on the mental health service system, and they have confirmed that they should work together in the same organizations. Through the analysis of this process, this essay explores the joint methods of social movements based on different claims.
Keywords: Psychosocial Disability; Grassroots Movement; Inclusion
孤独症人士“被替代决策”向“支持性自主决策”的转型
朱宏璐 尤梦菲
摘 要：孤独症谱系障碍如今已逐渐为大众所知晓，但孤独症人士的家属仍然习惯于“替代决策”，即监护人替代孤独症人士本人做出决策。孤独症人士本人的民事法律能力不被承认，导致其权利往往全权交由其监护人，由监护人进行替代性决策。在这种情况下，孤独症人士的权利很难得到保障，也很容易受到侵犯。受侵犯后，也难以获得救济。通过探讨孤独症人士“被替代决策”现状，提出可能的解决方案。
关键词：孤独症谱系障碍 替代决策 支持性自主决策
Transition from “Substitute Decision-making” to “Supported Decision-making” for People with Autism Spectrum
Zhu Honglu; You Mengfei
Abstract: Autism spectrum has gradually become known to the public, but the families of people with autism spectrum are still accustomed to “substitute decision-making”, that is, guardians make decisions instead of people with autism spectrum themselves. People with autism spectrum are not recognized for their civil legal capacity, resulting in their rights often being handed over to their guardians, who make substitute decisions. Under this circumstance, the rights of people with autism spectrum are difficult to be protected and are easily violated. After being violated, it is difficult to obtain relief. By discussing the status quo of “substitute decision-making” for people with autism spectrum, possible solutions are proposed.
Keywords: Autism Spectrum; Substitute Decision-making; Supported Decision-making
——基于社会主义女权主义的分析
李 勇
摘 要：残障女性因残障和女性的双重身份在婚姻、康复及教育等方面承受更多艰难。基于社会主义女权主义视角不难发现，资本主义和父权制的双重压迫理论为揭示残障女性的生存状态提供了理论指引。一方面，作为女性，残障女性面临男权统治之下的种种压迫；另一方面，作为残障者，残障女性则承受身为障碍者所遭遇的压迫。女性和残障的双重身份，使得残障女性无奈面临双重压迫。残障女性双重压迫理论照射出种种对于残障女性的不友好，进而为完善残障法律法规体系和相关诉讼制度，优化残障女性的生存和发展环境，提供重要的理论指引。
关键词：双重压迫理论 残障女性 社会主义女权主义
Double Oppression Theory of Chinese Women with Disabilities and its Values -- Based on Analysis of Socialist Feminism
Li Yong
Abstract: Women with disabilities suffer more difficulties in marriage, rehabilitation and education because of their dual status of disability and women. Based on the perspective of socialist feminism, it is not difficult to find that the double oppression theory of capitalism and patriarchy provides a theoretical guidance for revealing the living state of women with disabilities. On the one hand, as women, women with disabilities face various forms of oppression suffered by patriarchy, on the other hand, as persons with disabilities, women with disabilities suffer physical and mental difficulties. The dual status of women and disability makes women with disabilities face double oppression. The theory of double oppression of women with disabilities irradiates all kinds of unfriendly environment, and provides important theoretical guidance for perfecting the legal and regulatory system and the related litigation system and optimizing the survival and developmental environment for women with disabilities.
Keywords: Double Oppression Theory; Women with Disabilities; Socialist Feminism
机制整合：残障老年人权利保障的新思路
刘 远
摘 要：人口老龄化使得残障老年人成为残障者和老年人两大社会群体中不可忽视的部分。残障老年人之权利保障应当同时兼顾消除障碍，促进融合的残障者权利需求和健康安宁的老年权利需求，并因此在健康医疗、生活照护、社会参与和精神慰藉等主要权利需求方面表现出独特性。残障老年人的权利保障，应当在整合两大权利保障机制的基础上推进，构建基于个体的权利评估和追踪监测机制，以此作为施策基础；建立民政部门主导的部门沟通协作机制，切实发挥政府责任；整合政府补贴、服务供给等具体保障措施，提高整个机制的运行效率。
关键词：残障人 老年人 权利保障
Mechanism Integration: New Ideas of Protecting the Rights of Older Persons with Disabilities
Liu Yuan
Abstract: The aging of the population makes older persons with disabilities a non-negligible part of two major social groups: persons with disabilities and the elderly. The rights protection of older persons with disabilities should take into account the rights needs of persons with disabilities to eliminate barriers and promote inclusion and the rights needs of the elderly for health and tranquility, and therefore show uniqueness in the main rights needs of health care, life care, social participation and spiritual comfort. The rights protection of older persons with disabilities should be promoted on the basis of integrating the two rights protection mechanisms, and an individual-based rights evaluation and tracking monitoring mechanism shall be established as the basis for policy implementation; a departmental communication and coordination mechanism led by the civil affairs department shall be established to give full play to government responsibilities. And it is important to integrate specific measures such as government subsidies and service supply to improve the operating efficiency of the entire mechanism.
Keywords: The Elderly; Persons with Disabilities; Rights Protection
——基于重庆市375份判决书的考察
马玉栀
摘 要：中国刑事诉讼中残障人权益保障存在薄弱环节。375份有关残障人的刑事判决书呈现出律师参与、刑事责任减免、合理便利提供等方面的问题。要提升我国刑事诉讼中残障人权益保障水平，应扩大残障人法律援助以及刑事责任减免范围，加大合理便利支持力度，完善刑事诉讼中残障人权益保障法律体系，强化司法机关和社会组织对刑事诉讼中残障人权益保障的重视。
关键词：残障人 法律援助 减免刑责 合理便利
Research on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Persons with Disabilities in Criminal Litigation
-- Based on 375 Judgments in Chongqing
Ma Yuzhi
Abstract: There are weaknesses in the protection of the rights and interests of persons with disabilities in China’s criminal litigation. The 375 criminal verdicts on persons with disabilities show problems in lawyer participation, criminal liability reduction and the provision of reasonable accommodation for persons with disabilities. To improve the protection of the rights and interests of persons with disabilities in criminal proceedings, it is recommended to expand the scope of legal aid and criminal liability reduction for persons with disabilities, increase support for reasonable accommodation, improve the legal system for the protection of persons with disabilities in criminal proceedings, and strengthen the attention of judicial organs and social organizations to the protection of the rights and interests of persons with disabilities in criminal proceedings.
Keywords: Persons with Disabilities; Legal Aid; Reduce Criminal Liability; Reasonable Accommodation
公共文化服务与残障者社会融入
——基于S市视障者的实证研究
严泽鹏
摘 要：促进残障者社会融入是建设和谐社会的重点工程，让更多残障者能够自信地走出家门、融入社会，需要相关组织和社会群体主动作为，构建出一套行之有效的社会融入机制。公共文化服务为残障者提供了一个良好的公共参与渠道，同时残障类社会组织的不断发展，也帮助残障者能够更好地参与到公共文化服务的过程中。但是，由于社会组织的发展水平差异和公共文化服务的可及性差异，残障者享受公共文化服务也可能存在“劣势过渡”的情形，因此需要从上之下构建残障者社会融入的生态系统，为残障者社会融入提供支撑。
关键词：残障者 视障者 社会融入 公共文化服务
Public Cultural Services and Social Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities -- Based on an Empirical Study of Persons with Visual Disabilities in S City
Yan Zepeng
Abstract: Promoting social inclusion of persons with disabilities is a key project to build a harmonious society, which lets more persons with disabilities go out of their home and integrate into the society with confidence. This project needs the relevant organizations and social groups to take the initiative to build an effective social inclusion mechanism.Public cultural services provide a good channel for persons with disabilities to participate in social activities. Meanwhile, the continuous development of social organizations also helps persons with disabilities to better participate in the process of public cultural services. However, due to the differences in the development level of social organizations and the supply of public cultural services between areas, there may be a “disadvantaged transition” in the access to public cultural services for persons with disabilities. Therefore, it is necessary to build an ecosystem for the social inclusion of persons with disabilities from top to down to support their social inclusion.
Keywords: Persons with Disabilities; Persons with Visual Disabilities; Social Inclusion; Public Culture Services
以DPO为中心的中国残障权利运动
邱振亚 王翌楷
摘 要：以残障者代表组织（DPO）为线索的中国残障权利运动史，可以分为空窗期（1978年前）、起步期（1978年到1990年）、萌芽期（1990年到2006年）、勃发期（2006年到2016年）和调整期（2016年迄今）。空窗期没有残障权利运动。起步期残障组织主要由政府发起或最终被政府兼并。萌芽期本土DPO开始出现，国际DPO开始进入中国。勃发期中国DPO数量增加，倡导机能深化，服务机能初现，涉残社会企业数量增加。调整期DPO数量和资金来源减少，对政府依赖加深，并开始更多地向服务组织转型。
关键词：助残社会组织 残障者代表组织 残障权利运动
China’s Disability Rights Movement Centered on DPO
Qiu Zhenya; Wang Yikai
Abstract: The history of China’s disability rights movement with organizations of persons with disabilities (DPOs) as a clue can be divided into the window period (before 1978), the starting period (1978 to 1990), the budding period (1990 to 2006), the blooming period (2006 to 2016), and the adjustment period (2016 to date). There is no disability rights movement during the window period. In the starting period, disability organizations are mainly initiated by the government or eventually merged by the government. In the budding period, local DPOs began to appear, and international DPOs began to enter China. During the booming period, the number of DPOs in China increased, their function of advocacy deepened, their function of service emerged, and the number of disability-related social enterprises increased. During the adjustment period, the number of DPOs and sources of funds have decreased, their reliance on the government has increased, and some of them have begun to transform to service organizations.
Keywords: Disabled Social Organization; Organizations of Persons with Disabilities; Disability Rights Movement
——以S县为例
杨晓琳
摘 要：少数民族残障人在平等获得司法保护上，面临残障观落后、法律服务资源短缺、残障人主体受教育程度偏低、法律意识淡薄等问题。为此，需结合少数民族残障人的特殊性，加强法律服务的有效供给，提供司法全过程无障碍和合理便利支持，以实现对少数民族残障人切实有效的司法保护。
关键词：少数民族残障人 司法保护 平等 合理便利
Research on Equal Access to Justice for Persons with Disabilities Belonging to Ethnic Minority Communities
-- A Case Study of S County
Yang Xiaolin
Abstract: In terms of equal access to judicial protection, persons with disabilities belonging to ethnic minority communities are faced with problems such as backward view of disability, shortage of legal service resources, low level of education, and weak legal awareness. Therefore, considering the special nature of persons with disabilities belonging to ethnic minority communities, it is recommended to strengthen the effective supply of legal services, provide accessibility and reasonable accommodation in the whole judicial process, so that they can have effective judicial protection.
Keywords: Persons with Disabilities Belonging to Ethnic Minority Communities; Access to Justice; Equality; Reasonable Accommodation
城镇残障人就业质量：
渠道差异及其逻辑透视
魏 珍
摘 要：政府、市场和亲朋介绍是残障人就业的主要渠道。利用中国家庭收入调查（CHIP）数据，构建残障人多维就业质量指标体系，实证检验后发现，残障人就业质量整体不高且存在显著的渠道差异：（1）通过政府渠道就业的残障人的就业质量显著高于市场和私人渠道，但通过政府渠道就业的比例却最低；（2）教育年限和职称是影响残障人就业渠道选择的主要因素；（3）政府渠道存在明显的“精英俘获”，原因在于我国残障人就业政策在设计中存在鲜明的市场导向并在实践中存在明显的效率倾向从而忽视了应有的公平取向。这些发现揭示了今后构建我国残障人就业支持体系的新视角：理念上应重视残障人就业前端的渠道公平并逐步扭转当前政策的“扶强”倾向；实践中应提升残障人人力资本并加强残障人就业环境无障碍建设。
关键词：就业渠道 残障人就业质量 精英俘获 就业支持体系
Employment Quality of Urban Persons with Disabilities: Channel Differences and Its Logical Perspective
Wei Zhen
Abstract: Government, market and relatives are the main employment channels for persons with disabilities. Using CHIP data, this paper constructs a multi-dimensional employment quality index system for persons with disabilities and finds that their employment quality is generally low and there are significant channel differences. Employment quality through the government channel is significantly higher than the market and private channels, but the proportion of employment through the government channel is the lowest; education and title are the main factors influencing job choices by persons with disabilities; the phenomenon of “elite capture” is obvious in the government channel which lies in the market orientation in the design of China’s employment policy for persons with disabilities and the pursue of efficiency rather than fairness in practice. Based on these findings, it is recommended that attention should be paid to the fairness of the front-end employment channels for persons with disabilities, the tendency of “supporting the strong” of current policies should gradually be reversed, and the improvement of human capital and construction of an accessible employment environment for persons with disabilities should be implemented in practice.
Keywords: Employment Channel; Employment Quality of Persons with Disabilities; Elite Capture; Employment Support System
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