专制的点缀
——中国古代残障者法律保护述论
王安
摘要:在中国古代,官方的政规法令与民间的乡约族规都就保护残障者的问题载有明文。实物救济、收容养济、宗族救恤、赋役蠲免以及刑罚宽免是其主要内容。中国古代对残障者的保护法规富于人文关怀,但是官府对残障者的保护是为了满足帝王维持社会稳定、维护自身统治的需要,是专制统治的点缀,是一种对臣民的恩赐。
关键词: 中国古代 残障者 法律保护
An embellishment to Autocracy: the Legal Protection of Persons with Disabilities in Ancient China
Wang An
Abstract: In ancient China, the protection of persons with disabilities is enshrined in the official government regulations and well-established practice in society. The main elements are a relief, residential care, clan salvation, taxation and service exemption and remission of sentences. Such protection for persons with disabilities in ancient China is for humanistic purpose while meeting the needs for Emperors to maintain social stability and to preserve the ruling. Therefore, it is an embellishment to the authoritarian rule, to show pity and charity to the people.
Keywords: Ancient China; Persons with Disabilities; Legal Protection
中国残障法体系浅评
金希
摘要:中国目前在法规层级上已经形成了较为完整的残障法体系。近年来中国新制定的部分法规与《残疾人权利公约》的原则与精神有着更为紧密的联系。中国的残障法体系的不足之处在于:更倾向于保障残障人的福利;层次较高的法规内容缺乏足够的可操作性;法规在设定义务后往往缺乏对于不履行义务的法律后果的强制规定;少数与体检相关的规定涉嫌基于残障的直接歧视。建议修改完善现有立法中的关于残障体检标准、歧视定义、法律后果等的规定。
关键词:残障法 《残疾人权利公约》 残障权利
A Brief Review of China’s Disability Law System
Jin Xi
Abstract: China has developed a relatively complete disability legal system. In recent years, China’s new disability regulations are increasingly reflecting the principles and spirit of "Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities". However, there are remained challenges under the current system. These include the strong tendency to address on the welfare protection, practical issues during the implementation of high-level laws and regulations, a lack of mandatory provisions on the legal consequences when legal obligations are not fulfilled, and the existence of possible direct discrimination based on the disability in several regulations required physical examinations. It is suggested that the authorities need to amend and improve the existing legislation on the medical disability examination standards, the definition of discrimination, and related legal consequences.
Keywords: Disability Law; CRPD; Rights
社会学中的残障研究:强弱范式及历史发展
———兼论对中国残障研究的启示
李学会
摘要:早期以戈夫曼、萨德·纳吉(Sasd Z Nagi)为代表的社会学
的残障研究,延续了涂尔干、帕森斯将残障视为偏常的视角,残障并不是研究的核心与主体。这可以被看作是弱范式主导下的社会学的残障研究。受20世纪70年代后期兴起的残障运动的影响,以社会模式为理论基础的残障研究代表了强范式的兴起。强范式的残障研究反思了残障研究者的立场,并呼吁残障研究应该超越知识生产而积极干预现实。两种范式的残障研究相互影响、并存,且强范式的残障研究也开始有所反思。对我国新时期的残障研究而言, 需要建构包含批判性、比较性、历史性、反思性的残障研究想象力, 学习借鉴西方残障研究成果并发现我国残障研究传统。
关键词: 残障研究 残障社会学 强范式 弱范式 残障研究想象力
Disability Study in Sociology: the historical development of strong and weak programs and the inspiration to China’s disability study
Li Xuehui
Abstract: In the early stage of disability studies in sociology, represented by Goffman and Nagi, they adopted Durkheim and Parsons' perspective by viewing disability as deviance, rather than the core and subject of a study. Such a perspective was dominated by the weak program in sociological disability study. The disability movement in the late 1970s, formed the theoretical foundation of the social model in disability study, represented the rise of a strong program in the research. The strong program reflects the position of researchers with disabilities and calls for disability research to transcend the knowledge into actively reality intervention. These two research programs of disability study are interlinked and coexisted, while the strong program starts to reflect on its position. In terms of disability study in China’s new era, it is crucial to construct a critical, comparative, historical and reflective disability research imagination, to learn from the Western disability research outcomes and find its own research path.
Keywords: Disability Study; Sociology of Disability; Strong Program; Weak Program; Disability Research Imagination
残障立法的观念选择
阮晨
摘要: 法律是残障群体争取权利的根本,立法背后的残障观念选择直接关系到残障群体的生活状况和切身利益。残障研究起源于西方残障群体争取权利和认同的残障运动,尽管残障运动的形式与内容在各国有别,但都在一定程度上颠覆了过往将残障归结为个人悲剧的固化观念,转而将身体损伤与社会障碍区分开来,形成了社会模式和权利模式的新型残障观念。这种残障观念得到了联合国《残疾人权利公约》等文件的进一步确认。当前,我国的残障立法已经初具体系,但还缺乏一种正确的残障观念作为指导。我国残障立法背后的残障观念呈现出混合的特点。一方面,我国残障立法积极确认残障群体在各方面所拥有的特殊权利;另一方面,我国残障立法对于残障的理解依然局限于个人身体损伤。而这种混合的残障观念是由残障的复杂性与本土现实所决定的,若要在立法中确定一种正确的残障观念,就必须对残障的复杂性与本土性做出有针对的回应。
关键词: 残障观念 残障模式 残障立法
Ideological Choice of Disability Legislation
Ruan Chen
Abstract:The law is fundamental to the rights of persons with disabilities, and the concept of disability behind it is directly related to the living conditions and interests of the people with disabilities. Disability study was originated in the disability movements for the rights and identity of persons with disabilities in the West. Although the form and content of these movements vary from state to state, nevertheless, to a certain extent, they promoted a shift from the traditional perception of disability as a personal tragedy to the new paradigm of social and rights model of disability, which differentiates physical impairments from social barriers. This disability paradigm has been further established by documents such as the UN "Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities". Currently, China has formed a disability law system, yet the problem shows that there is a lack of a correct ideology of disability. It is found that the ideology of disability under China’s disability law has mixed characteristics. The current disability law recognizes some special rights of persons with disabilities in every aspect, yet its understanding of disability is limited to personal injuries. This result is highly influenced by the complexity of the disability and the local reality, which are required to be responded in disability laws to establish a right concept on disability.
Keywords:Disability Ideology; Disability Model; Disability Law
中国法院无障碍环境建设之困境与完善路径
———基于30个样本的实证分析
徐艳霞
摘要: 中国法院的无障碍环境建设存在不少薄弱环节。30 个样本法院清晰呈现出无障碍坡道、无障碍电梯、无障碍洗手间的设置、无障碍停车位的配备以及轮椅席位的提供五个方面的问题。要提升法院无障碍环境建设水平,应大力进行无障碍宣传,普及无障碍理念, 完善无障碍环境建设法律体系,强化社会组织和新闻媒体对无障碍环境建设的监督。
关键词: 无障碍环境 无障碍理念 社会组织
The Predicament and Solution of Barrier-Free Environment Construction of Courts in China: an empirical analysis base on Thirty Courts
Xu Yanxia
Abstract: There are many weaknesses in barrier-free environment construction in the Chinese courts. Thirty samples showed problems exist in barrier-free ramps, barrier-free elevators, barrier-free toilets, barrier-free parking spaces as well as wheelchair seating areas in these courts. In order to improve the barrier-free environment construction of courts, it is necessary to increase publicity on the knowledge of barrier-free, improve the legal system of barrier-free environment construction, and strengthen the role of social organizations and media in monitoring the process.
Keywords: Barrier-Free Environment; Concept; Responsibilities; Law; Social Organizations
无障碍环境权的私法建构
胡波
摘要: 无障碍是《残疾人权利公约》的一项基本原则,但《残疾人权利公约》属于国际法范畴,无法在国内直接适用;而《残疾人保障法》和《无障碍环境建设条例》在内容上均可归属于行政法律部门,并未赋予残障者和其他存在无障碍环境需求的主体任何民事权利,无法应对现实中不断出现的关于无障碍环境的民事案件。无障碍环境对于使用者意味着一种利益,应当受到法律保护。无障碍环境权不仅是宪法权利,同时也应当是民事权利,这两种性质的无障碍环境权既有联系又相互区别。作为民事权利的无障碍环境权是一种具体人格权,其内容包括物质环境无障碍权、信息与交流无障碍权和服务无障碍权,在其被侵犯时应当适用侵权行为法的有关规定加以规制。
关键词: 无障碍环境权 民事权利 人格权 残障 侵权责任
The Right of Barrier-Free Environment under China’s Civil Law Construction
Hu Bo
Abstract:Accessibility is one of the principles of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. However, the Convention is an international law and cannot be directly applied in China’s domestic legal system. China’s both Law on the Protection of Disabled Persons and the Regulations on Accessibility Construction fall under the category of administrative law, and do not entitle any rights to the disabled people and other civil subjects under accessibility. Therefore they cannot be utilized to deal with related civil cases. A barrier-free environment is a benefit for the user which should be protected by the law. It is considered that the right to barrier-free environment is not only a constitutional right but also a civil right in China’s legal system, which are interlinked but differentiated. As a civil right, it is a right of personality that includes the right to access to a physical environment, the right to information and communication, and the right to service. Any violation on the right to the barrier-free environment shall be regulated according to the provisions of the Act of Tort.
Keywords:Right to Barrier-Free Environment; Civil Rights; Right of Personality; Disability; Tort Liability
残障社群争取考试合理便利的实践:倡导为何奏效?
韩青
摘要: 自2011 年盲人董丽娜成功参加北京自学考试之后, 残障人士
陆续在高等教育自学考试、公务员考试、普通高考、英语四六级考试、心理咨询师考试、社工师考试、司法考试、研究生考试和教师资格考试中争取到合理便利。从此,残障人士的梦想不再被身体状况所局限,不再被刻板印象所框定,就读的专业和从事的职业变得更为多元。关于合理便利的概念学界已有若干论述,但如何实践合理便利还较少涉及。因此,有必要解读残障人士争取考试合理便利的需求为何集中爆发,回顾残障群体使用的倡导策略,并评估和解释这些策略的有效性,在此基础上,探讨残障群体实现考试合理便利对于国家社会关系的启发。
关键词: 社会模式 合理便利 倡导策略 公众参与
Disability Communities’ Practice of Realizing Reasonable Accommodations in Public Examinations: what makes the advocacy works?
Han Qing
Abstract: Since Dong Lina, who is blind and successfully participated in Self-Taught Higher Education Examinations in Beijing in 2011, persons with disabilities have taken all major public examinations in China with reasonable accommodations provision. These examinations included Self-Taught Higher Education Examinations, civil service examinations, National College Entrance Examination, College English Tests, psychological counselling examination, social worker examination, National Judicial Examination and National Postgraduate Entrance Examination and teacher qualification examination. This is considered as a symbol that disabled people’s dreams are no longer restricted by their physical condition or the social stereotype, and their choices on professions and careers become more diverse. The concept of reasonable accommodation has been discussed within a number of discourses, yet few studies examined its implementation. Therefore, it is important to explain reasons for people with disabilities’ needs of reasonable accommodations in public examinations is concentrated, review advocacy strategies utilized to realize such needs, assess the effectiveness of these strategies, and to explore its implications on the relationship between society and the State.
Keywords: Social Model; Reasonable Accommodation; Advocacy Strategy; Public Participation
西方全纳教育的理论建构及启示∗
徐素琼 李学会
摘要: 澄清全纳教育的相关争论及其潜在的哲学观点与假设,并通过基于实证基础的差异两难理论来认识全纳教育在西方文化背景中的现实困境,以求深入理解和分析西方全纳教育的概念及理论体系。期待在我国加速特殊教育改革朝向全纳教育发展的背景下,为本土全纳教育的理论建构、分析及理解提供参考。
关键词: 西方全纳教育 争论与哲学假设 差异两难
Theoretical Construction of Western Inclusive Education and Implication
Xu Suqiong Li Xuehui
Abstract: In order to understand the concept and the theoretical framework of Western inclusive education, it is needed to clarify the underlying assumption and philosophy of the debates on inclusive education, and address the central issue of catering for individual difference or diversity-oriented learning needs. Currently, China is developing its inclusive education by reforming the special education. Advice is provided for the theoretical consideration of China’s Learning in Regular Classrooms.
Keywords: Western Inclusive Education; Debate and Philosophic Hypothesis; Dilemma of Difference
包容性教育权能否消除聋人儿童接受教育的障碍?
———浅析《联合国残疾人权利公约》及其委员会的作用和挑战
刘晗煦
摘要: 通过分析聋人儿童接受教育问题的特殊性,对比解读联合国《残疾人权利公约》及残疾人权利委员会对“包容性教育权”①的规定和解释,浅析聋人儿童接受包容性教育中的现实问题,为理解聋人儿童教育和“包容性教育”争议的核心问题提供参考。
关键词: 包容性教育权 聋人儿童 特殊教育 手语教学 《残疾人权利公约》第二十四条
Could the Inclusive Education Right Remove Barriers in Deaf Children’s Accessing to Education? An Analysis of the Roles of CRPD and its Committee
Liu Hanxu
Abstract: There are barriers in education for deaf children. The ‘Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities’ and its Committee have addressed and provided guidance on removing these barriers on the basis of Article 24. But there remains challenges in deaf children’s inclusion in education. It is important to reflect on the core argument between the inclusive education right and deaf children’s education needs through the discussion on remaining challenges.
Keywords: Inclusive Education Right; Deaf Children; Special Education; Sign Language Education; CRPD Article 24
中国残障教师与全纳教育:制度现状与发展方向
邹蜜
摘要: 教与学是教育两个不可分割的部分。目前的研究主要从学生的角度来讨论全纳教育。因此,有必要从教学中不可分割的另一部分——— “教师” 出发来看全纳教育。通过对《残疾人权利公约》① 第二十四条及其第四号一般性意见与中国相关法律条文和政策法规《残疾人教育条例》、《教师法》的对比与比较,论证有残障的教师在全纳教育中承接教育与就业两个方面的重要作用。希望能够推动中国教师资格标准中对于教师身体体检限制政策的修改,真正履行《残疾人权利公约》第二十四条“教育”的各项内容。
关键词: 全纳教育 融合教育 包容性教育 残疾教师 《残疾人权利公约》
Inclusive Education and Teachers with Disabilities in China: an analysis of the current system and future implication
Zou Mi
Abstract: Learning and teaching are two integral parts of education. Most research focuses on inclusive education from the point of view of how students with and without disabilities learn in inclusive classrooms. It is necessary to discuss inclusive education from the teachers’ point of view. In order to realize the goal of inclusive education of Article 24 of the CRPD, it is important to include teachers with disabilities in China. However, there are barriers to the teaching profession for people with disabilities, including the laws, regulations and policies in China and whether they provide sufficient supports for teachers with disabilities to be included in the education system. It is suggested that changing the teaching requirements that operate as a bar for people with disabilities who wish to become teachers in China.
Keywords: Inclusive Education; CRPD; Article 24; Teachers with Disabilities
糖尿病儿童家庭护理中的母职分析及建议
———以糖尿病论坛中的糖宝妈妈为观察对象
陈亚亚
摘要: 母亲是糖尿病儿童家庭护理的主要承担者。一方面,由于职场中普遍存在性别歧视,母亲更可能选择全部或部分地放弃工作,在家中照顾孩子,让父亲在职场打拼;另一方面,由于传统性别角色的影响,女性本来就更多地承担育儿工作,这一差异在儿童患病后大多得到延续和加强。此外,中国家长的育儿模式以专制型和忽视型为主,不利于糖尿病儿童发展出自我管理血糖的能力,从而加大了日常护理者主要是母亲的负担。针对这些现象,本文提出维护糖尿病儿童及其家长权益、促进性别平等的相关建议,如鼓励家人分担日常护理、改进家庭育儿理念、增强社会支持体系、完善社会保障体系、将糖尿病儿童纳入残障者权益体系等,从多方面来减轻母亲的压力。
关键词: 糖尿病儿童 家庭护理 母职 性别平等
An Analysis of Mother’s Role in Family Care for Children with Diabetes: observational research on mother of children with diabetes members on the internet forums for diabetes
Chen Yaya
Abstract: Mothers are the primary caregivers of children with diabetes. On the one hand, because of the prevalence of gender discrimination in the workplace, mothers are more likely to choose to give up all or part of their career to be a stay-at-home mom and ask the father to focus on work. On the other hand, because of the influence of traditional gender roles, women, in general, have been more committed to parenting, and such difference in commitment still exists and even arise after the child is diagnosed with diabetes. In addition, China's parenting model is dominated by authoritarian or neglectful parents, result in difficulties for diabetic children to develop the ability to self-manage their blood sugar level, thus increasing the burden on their daily caregivers--mothers. Based on these discussions, several suggestions are provided to relieve the mother's burden. These suggestions include to safeguard the rights and interests of children with diabetes and their parents, and to raise the awareness of gender equality among the family, including encouraging family members to share the responsibility of caregiving, improving the knowledge on parenting, strengthening social support systems, improving social security systems, and the rights and interests of people with disabilities.
Keywords: Children with Diabetes; Family Care; Motherhood; Gender Equality